Vector control aims to limit the transmission of pathogens by reducing or eliminating human contact with the vector. Moreover, for some diseases, such as dengue (a vaccine is licensed but is not widely used due to safety concerns ), chikungunya, Zika, and West Nile disease, vector control is currently the only method available to protect populations. Vector control is the principal method available for controlling many VBDs-both historically and today. Įstimated cases worldwide in 2017 (thousands )Įstimated global all-age DALYs in 2017 (thousands )Įstimated all-age deaths worldwide in 2017 (thousands )Ībbreviations: CL, cutaneous leishmaniasis DALY, disability-adjusted life year HAT, human African trypanosomiasis LF, lymphatic filariasis VBD, vector-borne disease VL, visceral leishmaniasis Some zoonotic NTDs have an additional veterinary health burden. While the global numbers of deaths from vector-borne NTDs is lower than for malaria, vector-borne NTDs continue to cause high levels of morbidity and represent a significant public health burden e.g., from 1990 to 2013, dengue cases increased nearly 450% globally. Important aspects of NTD biology, epidemiology, and prevention remain inadequately understood. The burden of NTDs is poorly understood, and until the last 5 to 10 years, these diseases have suffered from a lack of prioritisation and investment. Many VBDs are classified as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), e.g., arboviral diseases like dengue and chikungunya, Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, LF, and onchocerciasis. Perhaps the best known VBD, malaria, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with approximately half the world’s population predicted to be at risk of malaria ( Table 1). VBDs contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, accounting for 17% of the global estimated burden of all infectious diseases. Many of these VBDs are co-endemic, and it is estimated that more than half the world’s population live in areas where 2 or more VBDs are present. Dengue, Chagas disease, Japanese encephalitis, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF), malaria, and yellow fever threaten over 80% of the world’s population and disproportionately affect the poorest populations living in the tropics and subtropics. Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are infections caused by pathogens that are transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes, triatomine bugs, blackflies, tsetse flies, sand flies, lice, and ticks. There is a need to return to vector control approaches based on a thorough knowledge of the determinants of pathogen transmission, which utilise a range of insecticide and non–insecticide-based approaches in a locally tailored manner for more effective and sustainable vector control. With the rising threat from insecticide-resistant vectors, global environmental change, and the need to incorporate more vector control interventions to eliminate these diseases, we advocate for continued investment in evidence-based vector control. This complex understanding was replaced by a simplified dependency on a handful of insecticide-based tools, particularly for malaria control, without an adequate understanding of entomology and epidemiology and without proper monitoring and evaluation. Pre 1940, vector control relied on a thorough understanding of vector ecology and epidemiology, and implementation of environmental management tailored to the ecology and behaviour of local vector species.
Here, we describe the history of vector control programmes worldwide from the late 1800s to date.
Vector control, to a greater extent than drugs or vaccines, has been responsible for shrinking the map of many VBDs. The principal method by which these diseases are controlled is through vector control, which has a long and distinguished history. Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis exert a huge burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting the poorest of the poor.
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